New Work Unfiltered: Why We Must Recover the Original

Since Frithjof Bergmann’s death more than four years ago, things have grown quiet around “New Work”, his concept for a comprehensive redesign of the work system. All the louder, however, have become those who simply appropriated the term and continue to bend it to their own purposes. First among them is the mainstream of New Work, which does refer to Bergmann but has something entirely different in mind, so that there are no longer any points of contact between the original and the mainstream.

Frithjof Bergmann repeatedly emphasized that New Work is a many-sided and comprehensive approach that cannot be pressed into a definition or – which amounts to the same thing – reduced to one dimension. New Work is, among other things: a critique of the prevailing work system (job system) and its many deficiencies. It makes clear how burdensome the conditions have become under which people have to work. The formulation of a new work system in order to overcome the irreversible abuses of the job system.

In doing so, New Work introduces new forms of work on both sides of the labor market and beyond it, in order to reduce dependence on the job system as far as possible and to significantly improve the quality of work. A critique of the prevailing economic system. It demonstrates that this system is not sustainable. In particular, infinite economic growth in a finite world is a contradiction that creates more and more conflicts. A contribution to post-growth economics. For New Work shows how we can free ourselves from the compulsion toward economic growth. Sustainable economic activity. The concept stands for good and healthy work, for local production that is climate-friendly and conserves resources, and the modern self-provisioning envisioned in the concept is a remedy against the mentality of consumption and disposability.

The question of technology: What role should technology play in our society in the future? Who should have access to it? And how can it be used for the benefit of society as a whole?

Both a concept for the societal level and a guide for individuals. The individual can begin to shape their work in the spirit of New Work without having to wait for labor-market reforms from above. NWNC is a flexible concept that each person can adapt to their own possibilities and needs. It is a concept applicable worldwide, one that does justice to the globalization of work and the economy.

The formulation of the claim to usher in a new culture in which the economy and work should serve human beings and their development. In Bergmann’s words: “The goal of New Work is not to free people from work, but to transform work in such a way that it brings forth free, self-determined, human beings. We should not serve work; work should serve us. The work we do should not consume all our strength and exhaust us. Instead, it should give us more strength and energy. It should support us in our development, helping us become more alive, more complete, stronger human beings.” (Frithjof Bergmann and Stella Friedland, Neue Arbeit kompakt, Arbor Verlag, Freiamt 2007, p. 16)

With this article series we want to recall the original concept and its many layers by devoting each contribution to one aspect of New Work. We do not claim completeness; rather, further texts will be added over time. The authors are guides, companions, members of the network of the same name, and people who engage with Bergmann’s world of thought and his concerns. Bergmann later renamed his concept “New Work-New Culture”, among other reasons to distinguish it from the emerging mainstream. In this article series we consistently speak of “New Work” in order to point out that the term originally goes back to him and not to abandon it to the mainstream.

New Work as a Critique of the Work System

New Work is first of all a detailed critique of the prevailing work system. If there were nothing to object to in it, thinking about alternatives would seem unnecessary. But precisely the opposite is the case. 1

Deficiencies and Abuses in the Prevailing Work System

The work system (also called the job system or wage-labor system) only emerged with industrialization and brought abuses with it from the very beginning. These changed over time: old ones disappeared, new ones appeared, working conditions improved or worsened (and the situation differs from country to country). What remains decisive, however, is this: the deficiencies and abuses continue; only their appearance changes. Critique must therefore be renewed regularly. Which adversities currently make working life in Germany especially difficult for people and have a negative effect on them?

Performance Pressure

Performance is defined as the relation of work to time – and this relation is optimized in the sense that more work has to be done per unit of time than before. If this is the case, two things happen: first, the performance aspect of work moves more and more into the foreground. This means, on the one hand, that work is transformed into performance and the work society into a performance society. And, on the other hand, we come under performance pressure the more performance we have to deliver. This idea of performance is omnipresent in the world of work and can in principle affect all employees.

Time Pressure

Time pressure arises as a consequence of increased performance, because one has less and less time per topic, per matter, per project, per customer, and so on, and therefore comes under pressure to nevertheless finish on time and deliver the expected results.

Pressure to Succeed

Success has developed into the central category in working life. Success is the altar to which people sacrifice and on which they are sacrificed. One problem with success, however, is that it does not satisfy; it makes people hungry – hungry for more success. Goals, plan figures, targets, and expectations are ratcheted upward. This leads to pressure to succeed – and to powerlessness, because success depends not only on one’s own effort but also on external factors over which one has no influence.

Overwork

Overtime is a constant phenomenon in the German world of work. According to the Federal Statistical Office, 1.3 billion hours of overtime were worked in 2023.2 It is another means of using human labor power optimally, but at the same time also of exhausting it.

Meaningless Jobs

These are jobs that nobody really needs and that produce no added value or social benefit. They are jobs whose holders themselves know that they are engaged in meaningless employment. For that reason these jobs also have no meaning for them. People keep the job because it earns them money and because they see no alternative. These jobs can be found in all sectors. The scholar and activist David Graeber called them bullshit jobs. Drastic, but correct. These jobs suggest that they are useful, valuable work, which in reality is not the case at all. Their disappearance would not be noticed. 3

Joblessness

Joblessness is a constant companion in the job system. Even now: despite a favorable labor-market situation, we have more than two million job seekers. The next recession or wave of automation will certainly come, and then there will be even more.

Precarious Employment

These are poorly paid jobs that are easy to terminate and often fixed-term. They also include agency work and temporary work as well as marginal employment.

Precarious employment also includes those seemingly secure full-time jobs that are threatened by joblessness – whether through the globalization of work, the rationalization of work, or the restructuring of work, which often leads to staff reductions and outsourcing.

Understaffing

More and more sectors suffer from acute staff shortages (almost every truck driving in front of you says: “colleague wanted”). The reasons are, as always, manifold, but they are rooted in a dysfunctional job system. The vacancies exist even though there are also job seekers who cannot find a job. This mismatch problem shows that the labor market does not fulfill its most basic task: bringing supply and demand together. Part of the problem is homemade: for many years, experienced employees were sent into early retirement by the tens of thousands – and they are missing now.

Be that as it may: understaffing leads to a greater workload for employees, because the existing work is distributed over fewer shoulders, which causes stress, so employees then become ill or leave, which in turn places an even greater burden on those who remain.

The Job Dominates Life

We do nothing more in our lives than work: eight hours a day, forty hours a week. But that is not all. The job reaches deep into the rest of our lives:

Overtime accumulates and extends the working day.

The daily trips to work and back cost time and money. This commuting is increasing overall: from one city to another; from the countryside to the city; from east to west.

Then we must add the time required for qualification and further-training measures.

Those who finally finish work not seldom take work home with them – whether literally or figuratively.

One consequence of this is that other contents of life cannot be integrated alongside the job, or cannot be integrated adequately. Conflicts arise in reconciling work and life.

Job Work Is a Means and Not an End

At its core, job work means exchanging labor power for payment. It is therefore essentially a means – for the employee, a means of earning money in order to secure a livelihood. With job work, the human being remains bound to the necessity of securing their material basis of life. In this respect, job work is necessary work and not free work. For the employer, in turn, it is a means of achieving the organization’s goals with human labor power.

Effects of the Abuses

These and other abuses have a negative effect on people. The extent to which job work now harms people can be measured by the following developments:

Dissatisfaction with the job is increasing. According to surveys, the “number of employees without emotional attachment in Germany is at its highest level since 2012”. According to the Gallup survey, it is almost 20 percent.4

The list of work-related impairments is getting longer and longer: states of exhaustion and fatigue, lack of energy and dejection, nervousness and headaches are among them, to name only a few.

Illnesses such as back problems and high blood pressure are spreading and are on the way to becoming widespread diseases.

Regarding the increase in mental illnesses, the health-insurance statistics are unambiguous.

For this abundance of abuses and their grave effects on human beings, Bergmann coined the term “pathology of the wage-labor system”. 5

How do these abuses arise? There are several explanatory approaches. Let us take joblessness as an example.

Joblessness is closely connected with the current work system. Historically, before the job system there was subsistence economy, in which self-provisioning dominated. For the self-provisioning society, joblessness was an unknown concept. The self-provider was dependent neither on a labor market nor on an employer; no one could dismiss them, because they were self-sufficient. By contrast, we officially and literally call the job holder a “dependent employee”. That means whether a person keeps their workplace or not, whether they find one or not, is fundamentally not up to them. Let us therefore state clearly: joblessness or unemployment is a symptom of the current work system.

Our work system (the labor market) functions like a bottleneck. It lets only job work pass through. Formulated as a contrast: work as such is unlimited, while jobs are limited, especially secure and well-paid ones. We have therefore not only made ourselves dependent on the job system; we must constantly make efforts to preserve and create jobs in order to counteract job scarcity – or, as it is often so nicely put: we must prevent or combat joblessness.

Now the job system is coming under pressure: declining economic growth, increasing international competition, and refugee movements are already troubling it. Yet nothing is as threatening to the employment system as the technologization of work, which receives an enormous push through “digitalization”. It makes it possible to systematically replace human labor power with technological labor power. Consequently, far more jobs will be automated than newly created. Frithjof Bergmann recognized this danger early, as did many before and after him. Representative here is the study by Frey and Osborne: “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?”6 But beyond this, Bergmann saw like no one else that technological development is Janus-faced – it contains enormous dangers, but also opportunities: “The new technologies are coming toward us like a great wave: if we do not move from the spot, it can bury us; but if we move with skill, this wave could lift us higher than ever before.”7 Bergmann warns against leaving technological development to itself or to its current beneficiaries. Society must think about and decide which technology we want and, above all, how it can be placed in the service of all people. For this reason, technology plays an extraordinarily important role in the concept of “New Work” – see the article “New Work as a New Work System”.

A principal explanation for the existence of many deficiencies and abuses follows from the fact that work is a means for producing goods and services. In business administration, work counts as a production factor. It is therefore subjected to production conditions and organized according to economic criteria such as efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness. The economization of work is a constant process and currently takes place under headings such as flexibilization of work, agile work, flat hierarchies, management by objectives, teamwork, and so on. What is decisive is this: work is oriented toward the needs of the organization or employer and not toward the individual needs of the human being. The deficiencies and abuses that result are deficiencies and abuses for the working person, not for the organization. For example, the employee must meet increasing performance demands; if this becomes noticeable for them as performance pressure and then affects their health, they become stressed and ill, but not the organization.

Conclusion

We have established a work system that human beings are expected to serve and that burdens them increasingly. Why do people put up with this? Why do they not rebel? One important reason is that they are dependent on the job system. The job secures income, livelihood, material security, acquisition of pension entitlements, health insurance, unemployment insurance, social status, and so on. The other decisive reason is that they have no alternative. New Work has therefore made it its task to be this alternative.

1 In his book “New Work-New Culture”, Bergmann devotes an entire chapter to this critique: The Wage-Labor System (pp. 79 to 120).

2 https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2024-05/arbeitszeit-ueberstunden-beschaeftigte-milliarden-stunden-deutschland

3 David Graeber, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, Simon & Schuster, 2018.

4 https://www.gallup.com/de/472028/bericht-zum-engagement-index-deutschland-2023.aspx

5 See Bergmann, p. 83f.

6 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271523899_The_Future_of_Employment_How_Susceptible_Are_Jobs_to_Computerisation

7 Politische Ökologie, Oekom Verlag, Munich, May/June 1998 issue, p. 55.

Keywords:

New Work, Frithjof Bergmann, work system, job system, wage labor, work culture, critique of work, Neue Arbeit, post-growth economics, sustainable economic activity, performance pressure, joblessness, bullshit jobs, technologization, digitalization, self-provisioning, modern working world, work-life balance, job satisfaction, meaningful work