Since Frithjof Bergmann’s death more than four years ago, things have grown quiet around “New Work”, his concept for a comprehensive redesign of the work system. All the louder, however, have become those who simply appropriated the term and continue to bend it to their own purposes. First among them is the mainstream of New Work, which does refer to Bergmann but has something entirely different in mind, so that there are no longer any points of contact between the original and the mainstream.
Frithjof Bergmann repeatedly emphasized that New Work is a many-sided and comprehensive approach that cannot be pressed into a definition or – which amounts to the same thing – reduced to one dimension. New Work is, among other things: a critique of the prevailing work system (job system) and its many deficiencies. It makes clear how burdensome the conditions have become under which people have to work. The formulation of a new work system in order to overcome the irreversible abuses of the job system.
In doing so, New Work introduces new forms of work on both sides of the labor market and beyond it, in order to reduce dependence on the job system as far as possible and to significantly improve the quality of work. A critique of the prevailing economic system. It demonstrates that this system is not sustainable. In particular, infinite economic growth in a finite world is a contradiction that creates more and more conflicts. A contribution to post-growth economics. For New Work shows how we can free ourselves from the compulsion toward economic growth. Sustainable economic activity. The concept stands for good and healthy work, for local production that is climate-friendly and conserves resources, and the modern self-provisioning envisioned in the concept is a remedy against the mentality of consumption and disposability.
The question of technology: What role should technology play in our society in the future? Who should have access to it? And how can it be used for the benefit of society as a whole?
Both a concept for the societal level and a guide for individuals. The individual can begin to shape their work in the spirit of New Work without having to wait for labor-market reforms from above. NWNC is a flexible concept that each person can adapt to their own possibilities and needs. It is a concept applicable worldwide, one that does justice to the globalization of work and the economy.
The formulation of the claim to usher in a new culture in which the economy and work should serve human beings and their development. In Bergmann’s words: “The goal of New Work is not to free people from work, but to transform work in such a way that it brings forth free, self-determined, human beings. We should not serve work; work should serve us. The work we do should not consume all our strength and exhaust us. Instead, it should give us more strength and energy. It should support us in our development, helping us become more alive, more complete, stronger human beings.” (Frithjof Bergmann and Stella Friedland, Neue Arbeit kompakt, Arbor Verlag, Freiamt 2007, p. 16)
With this article series we want to recall the original concept and its many layers by devoting each contribution to one aspect of New Work. We do not claim completeness; rather, further texts will be added over time. The authors are guides, companions, members of the network of the same name, and people who engage with Bergmann’s world of thought and his concerns. Bergmann later renamed his concept “New Work-New Culture”, among other reasons to distinguish it from the emerging mainstream. In this article series we consistently speak of “New Work” in order to point out that the term originally goes back to him and not to abandon it to the mainstream.
New Work as a New Work System
New Work as a new work system should not simply be imagined as an optimized version of the existing job system. The abuses described in the first contribution are not merely temporary negative side effects; they are deeply anchored in the job system. It must therefore be changed fundamentally, by having the job lose its dominant role and be supplemented by additional forms of work. New Work takes concrete form in three central forms of work:
I Reduction of Working Time
New Work provides for employed people to reduce their working time – concretely: to transform the full-time job into a part-time job. This measure is based on two essential arguments:
- Reduction of the negative effects of the abuses: while sport, yoga, or mindfulness training merely alleviate symptoms, the reduction of working time addresses the root. Those who work less relieve themselves permanently and protect themselves against burnout, exhaustion, and chronic stress. Beyond that, part-time work opens new possibilities: people can reconcile work and private life better, continue their education, or take more care of themselves and their relatives. Part-time work helps people cope healthily with the steadily lengthening working life. Those who do not exhaust themselves remain productive over the long term – part-time work is therefore sustainable and future-oriented.
- Free space for new activities: only through the reduction of job work does time emerge to pursue other activities in the sense of New Work. The loss of job time is compensated by productive, self-determined work.
II Self-Provisioning Through Technology
Self-provisioning means making things oneself instead of buying them. This makes us more independent of the compulsion to earn money and therefore of job work. New Work now links self-provisioning with the most advanced technology – with computers, 3-D printers, new production methods and processes, and the internet. The result is that in the future we will be able to produce a large share of the goods we need in everyday life quickly and easily ourselves. Take, for example, the latest development of chatbots such as ChatGPT or Copilot: one can create application letters oneself, improve texts, have drafts prepared, and much more. For pupils it becomes a self-learning tool that partly makes teachers and tutoring unnecessary. This new self-provisioning does not imply a return to nature or heavy physical labor. Rather, it makes technology serve us in such a way that the main burden is not borne by human beings but by machines. What one’s own labor power was for classical self-provisioning, technology is for modern self-provisioning.
Why is this form of work necessary? Through digitalization, technologization receives an enormous push. More and more jobs disappear through automation, while fewer new ones are created. For employees this means: they lose income when machines take over their work. Employers, by contrast, benefit because they can produce more cheaply and achieve higher profits. The consequence: income differences grow, the gap between rich and poor deepens, and social inequality increases.
This process must not be left to itself. It must be shaped and used – as a challenge and an opportunity. Bergmann puts it succinctly: “The new technologies are coming toward us like a great wave: if we do not move from the spot, it can bury us; but if we move with skill, this wave could lift us higher than ever before.” (Politische Ökologie, oekom Verlag, Munich, May/June 1998 issue, p. 55).
Technology can therefore not only destroy work, but also create new forms of work. Used correctly, it enables society to shape its material basis of life itself and to emancipate itself from the dominant economic system. This vision is realized in the concept of High-Tech Self-Providing (HTSP).
The prosumer as modern self-provider. In technological development, the potential for self-provisioning in the form of HTSP is already visible: we all know the trend toward the prosumer – a mixture of producer and consumer. What characterizes the prosumer is that they participate in producing the goods and services they themselves consume. In this way they become a modern self-provider.
There are, however, two forms of the prosumer that must be strictly distinguished:
- Company-controlled outsourcing: companies shift tasks onto consumers, who take them over with the help of technology. Examples include online banking, self-checkout in supermarkets, or software updates. Here the human being works unpaid for the company in order to reduce its costs.
- Self-determined production (the core of New Work): far more relevant and decisive for New Work is the second form: people use technology to produce things for their own needs independently of the market. One example is decentralized energy supply. Those who install a photovoltaic system produce electricity for their own consumption and feed the rest into the grid. This corresponds to the principle of subsistence economy: self-production with a market surplus. In the past it was food; today it is energy or digital knowledge. Only this second form leads to genuine emancipation from the job system.
Conclusion: in view of technological development, it is crucial that people use technology to free themselves from the job and economic system. Part-time jobs and HTSP create the necessary free spaces for the highest form of work in the sense of New Work: calling.
III Calling
Although New Work represents an alternative work system with several forms of work, none has attracted as much attention as calling. It has virtually become the trademark of New Work: “The expression most associated with New Work is the repeated, recurring question about the work someone really, really wants to do.” (Frithjof Bergmann, Neue Arbeit, Neue Kultur, Arbor Verlag, Freiamt, 2004).
We must continuously secure our material basis of life. We do this by earning money through a job. Philosophy describes this compulsion as “necessity” – in contrast to “freedom”, in which we may devote ourselves to higher activities. From this follows: the job remains bound to necessity, while calling detaches itself from it. Calling is “free work”, while the job represents “necessary work”.
Calling as the opposite of the job
- A job means working for others (employer, market). Calling means working for oneself and one’s own development.
- The job is a means to an end (earning money). Calling is an activity that carries its purpose within itself.
- In the job we do what we must; one always has a “master” over oneself. In calling we pursue what we really want; one is one’s own master.
- Those who job become replaceable cogs in the machine (means to an end). Those who follow their vocation are ends in themselves and want to make something of themselves.
- The job is subject to economic logic (it must pay off). Calling withdraws from this logic; it is judged by how it serves the human being.
- A job can drain and dehumanize. Calling, by contrast, enlivens and lets us grow beyond ourselves.
Calling and identification. Work that one “really, really wants to do” is work with which one identifies. Identification creates identity – it gives us reliable knowledge of who we are. In a pure performance society, in which work is only a measurable instrument, this possibility of identification disappears. With calling, Bergmann wants to create a new source of identity.
Identification does not arise through mere reflection, but through encounter with the world. One must “go out”, as Goethe said, in order to find oneself in doing. In calling we express our uniqueness. While in the job we are replaceable by machines as functionaries, our individual handwriting is irreplaceable in calling.
Calling and freedom. According to Bergmann, freedom is a function of identity. An action is free when the human being identifies with that from which the action proceeds. When will and doing are in harmony, the feeling of freedom arises. Calling increases the degree of human freedom in three ways:
- It creates harmony and coherence.
- It promotes the development of the individual personality.
- It frees from necessity and compulsion and makes self-determined work possible.
Keywords: New Work, work system, reduction of working time, part-time work, burnout prevention, sustainability, self-provisioning, technology, High-Tech Self-Providing, HTSP, digitalization, automation, social inequality, Frithjof Bergmann, prosumer, self-determined production, subsistence economy, decentralized energy supply, emancipation, calling, self-determination, necessity vs. freedom, identification, identity, self-expression, individuality, meaning in life, free work.
